Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Permission is not required) please go to the Copyright If you want to reproduce the wholeĪrticle in a third-party commercial publication (excluding your thesis/dissertation for which If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figuresĪnd diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission Please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. To request permission to reproduce material from this article in a commercial publication, Provided that the correct acknowledgement is given and it is not used for commercial purposes. This article in other publications, without requesting further permission from the RSC, Protein scaffolds: antibody alternatives for cancer diagnosis and therapyĬreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. In this review, we focus on the protein scaffold applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis in the last 5 years, and discuss the pros and cons, and strategies of optimization and design. To date, more than 20 types of protein scaffolds have been developed, with the most frequently used being affibody, adnectin, ANTICALIN®, DARPins, and knottin. Given the properties of small size, high affinity, and excellent specificity and stability, protein scaffolds have been applied in basic research, and preclinical and clinical fields over the past two decades. By combining robust gene engineering and phage display techniques, libraries with sufficient diversity could be established for target binding scaffold selection. Protein scaffolds are small monomeric proteins with stable tertiary structures and mutable residues, which emerged in the 1990s. d) a repressor protein binding to multiple operators. c) the binding of a mediator complex to several genes at once. acellular scaffolds derived from normal human lungs retain unique protein. b) the binding of a specific transcriptional regulator to several genes. Acellular lung scaffolds are first prepared from donated organs otherwise. a) the arrangement of multiple genes into an operon. In eukaryotes, multiple genes can be expressed simultaneously by. These issues have led scientists to explore and develop novel antibody alternatives. a) the repressor binding to the operator. Biocompatible scaffolds, fabricated from poly -caprolactone (PCL), are widely used in tissue engineering strategies to promote tissue and organ growth however, scaffold biological activity and safety refinement are urgently needed to support their use in clinical practice. Although antibodies are well developed and widely used in cancer therapy and diagnostic fields, some defects remain, such as poor tissue penetration, long in vivo metabolic retention, potential cytotoxicity, patent limitation, and high production cost. The failure of transplanted tissues and organs is a major challenge in contemporary regenerative medicine.
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